Methods and systems for recommending content items

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are described for recommending a content item. A search query for a content item is received. The availability of the content item from more than one source is determined. In response to determining that the content item is available from more than one source, the quality of each of the available content items from respective sources is determined. A recommendation factor is determined. The recommendation factor is based on at least one of the bandwidth available to a user device, the resolution capability of the user device, and the quality of experience of each of the sources from which the content item is available. A list of search results for the available content items is generated. The list is ordered based on the quality of each of the available content items from respective sources and the recommendation factor.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to methods and systems for recommendingcontent items, and in particular, but not exclusively, to generating forplayback a content item based on content item quality and one or moreother factors.

SUMMARY

As the amount of content available to users for consumption continues toincrease, it becomes more difficult for a system to provide relevantsearch results and recommendations to a user. For example, with theincrease in demand for over-the-top (OTT) providers in recent times, auser is faced with the same content item potentially being availablefrom multiple content providers. In such a case, a content discoveryapplication may be used to search for content available across differentOTT providers. Conventional content discovery applications allow for theuser to search for a particular content item and indicate to the userfrom which OTT providers the content is available. However, where thecontent item is available from multiple OTT providers, the user may beuncertain of which of the content items to select for viewing.

Systems and methods are provided herein for recommending to a user thehighest-quality version of a content item that is available frommultiple OTT providers, since it is common for a user to desire watchingcontent items in the highest-quality possible. In some examples, theability for the user to consume the highest-quality content availablemay be affected by one or more factors, such as the quality of a networkto which a user device is connected, the operational capability of auser device on which the user intends to consume the content item, andthe quality of experience (QoE) offered by a service provider from whichthe content item is available.

According to some aspects of the systems and methods provided herein, asearch query for a content item is received, e.g., at a user device,such as a computer, smart TV or smartphone. In some examples, the searchquery may be input to a content discovery application by a user. Thesearch query may comprise a request for a specific content item that theuser wishes to consume. The availability of the content item isdetermined. For example, a determination is made as to whether therequested content item is available from more than one source, such as aservice provider or content database. In response to determining thatthe content item is available from more than one source, the quality ofeach of the available content items from respective sources isdetermined. For example, it may be determined that a first version ofthe requested content item is available in HD from a first serviceprovider, and a second version of the requested content item isavailable in SD from a second service provider. A recommendation factoris determined, e.g., in response to determining that the requestedcontent item is available from more than one source. The recommendationfactor may be based on the quality of the network connection to the userdevice, e.g., the bandwidth available to a user device. Therecommendation factor may be based on the resolution capability of theuser device, e.g., as a result of the configuration of a display screenof the user device and/or one or more display control modules. Therecommendation factor may be based on the QoE of, or provided by, eachof the sources from which the content item is available. In someexamples, the QoE may be a measure of the reliability of the source fromwhich the requested content item is available. A list of search resultsfor the available content items is generated. The list may be presentedfor display to the user. The list may be generated as data within adatabase, e.g., not output for display to a user. The order of the listis based on the quality of each of the available content items fromrespective sources and the recommendation factor, e.g., the list may beranked based on the quality of each of the available content items fromrespective sources and the recommendation factor.

In some examples, the highest ordered content item in the list, e.g.,the content item at the top if the list, may be generated for playback,e.g., automatically by the content discovery application, or upon userselection.

In some examples, the highest-quality content item available at thebandwidth available to a user device is ranked, e.g., displayed, at thetop of the list. For example, the bandwidth available to the user devicemay limit high quality content, e.g., 4K content, from being received,or displayed properly, by the user device. As such, it may beinappropriate to rank 4K content at, or towards, the top of the list.Where it is determined that the bandwidth available to the user deviceis such that content of a certain quality cannot be displayed, suchcontent may be ordered at, or towards, the bottom of the list, or insome cases, not even be included in the list of available content atall.

In some examples, the bandwidth available to the user device may bemonitored, e.g., to determine a change in the available bandwidth as aresult of at least one of a change in the operational parameters of thenetwork to which the user device is connected and the location, e.g., achange of location, of the user device. In some examples, a change innetwork connection may be determined, e.g., a change of connection ofthe user device from a first network to a second network. The bandwidthavailable to the user device may be determined at the time of the user'srequest for the content item, or over a period leading up to the time ofthe user's request for the content item. In response to determining achange in the bandwidth available to the user device, the list may bere-ordered.

In some examples, the highest-quality content item available at theresolution capability of the user device is ranked, e.g., displayed, atthe top of the list. For example, the resolution capability of the userdevice may limit high quality content, e.g., 4K content, from beingdisplayed, e.g., at full resolution, by the user device. As such, it maybe inappropriate to rank 4K content at, or towards, the top of the list.Where it is determined that the resolution capability of the user deviceis such that content of a certain quality cannot be displayed, suchcontent may be ordered at, or towards, the bottom of the list, or insome cases, not even be included in the list of available content atall.

In some examples, the highest-quality content item available from thesource having the highest ranked QoE is ranked, e.g., displayed, at, ortowards, the top of the list. In some examples, the QoE of each of thesources is based on a user rating of the source. In some examples, theQoE of each of the sources is based on data relating to historic contentitem transmission from the respective sources. In some examples, the QoEof each of the sources is based on data relating to historic playback ofcontent items from the respective sources on the user device.

In some examples, the recommendation factor may be weighted towards oneof the bandwidth available to a user device, the resolution capabilityof the user device and the QoE of each of the sources from which thecontent item is available. For example, the recommendation factor may bebased on one or more settings stored in a user profile. Such settingsmay indicate that the user places greater importance on receiving ahigher QoE from a service provider than receiving the highest-qualitycontent item.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects and advantages of the disclosure will beapparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, takenin conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like referencecharacters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an overview of a scenario in which a system providessearch results for a search query based on the quality of availablecontent items from respective sources and a recommendation factor, inaccordance with some examples of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing components of an exemplary system forproviding search results for a search query based on the quality ofavailable content items from respective sources, in accordance with someexamples of the disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart representing a process for providing searchresults for a search query based on the quality of available contentitems from respective sources and a recommendation factor, in accordancewith some examples of the disclosure;

FIG. 4A shows exemplary data relating to historic content itemtransmission of a service provider, in accordance with some examples ofthe disclosure; and

FIG. 4B shows exemplary data relating to historic content itemtransmission for multiple service providers, in accordance with someexamples of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates an overview of a scenario in which a system providessearch results for a search query based on the quality of an availablecontent item from its respective source, in accordance with someexamples of the disclosure. In some examples, system 100 includes adevice 104, such as a tablet computer, a smartphone, a smart television,a smart speaker, or the like, that has one or more various userinterfaces configured to interact with one or more nearby users 118. Insome examples, device 104 has a display 106, which is configured todisplay information via a graphical user interface, and a user inputinterface, such as a keyboard and/or touchscreen configured to allow theuser to input a search query into a search field displayed on thedisplay 106. Additionally or alternatively, the device 104 may have avoice-user interface (not shown), which is configured to receive anatural language query as it is uttered by a nearby user. In someexamples, device 104 has an audio driver, such as a speaker (not shown),configured to audibly provide information, such as queryresponses/results, to one or more users. System 100 may also includenetwork 108, such as the Internet, configured to communicatively coupledevice 104 to one or more user devices 110, e.g., a mobile user device.Additionally or alternatively, device 104 may be configured tocommunicatively couple directly with one or more user devices 110.System 100 may also include one or more servers 112 and/or one or morecontent databases 114 from which information relating to the searchinput may be retrieved. In the example shown in FIG. 1, user device 104is communicatively coupled to a first content database 114 a (firstsource) and a second content database 114 b (second source). Device 104and the server 112 may be communicatively coupled to one another by wayof network 108, and the server 112 may be communicatively coupled to oneor more content databases 114 by way of one or more communication paths,such as a proprietary communication path and/or network 108.

In some examples, system 100 may comprise an application that providesguidance through an interface, e.g., the graphical user interface, thatallows users to efficiently navigate media content selections and easilyidentify media content that they may desire, such as content on one ormore live streams. Such guidance is referred to herein as an interactivecontent guidance application or, sometimes, a content guidanceapplication, a media guidance application, or a guidance application.

Interactive media guidance applications may take various forms,depending on the content for which they provide guidance. One typicaltype of media guidance application is an interactive television programguide. Interactive television program guides (sometimes referred to aselectronic program guides) are well-known guidance applications that,among other things, allow users to navigate among and locate many typesof content or media assets. Interactive media guidance applications maygenerate graphical user interface screens that enable a user to navigateamong, locate and select content. As referred to herein, the terms“media asset”, “content items” and “content” should each be understoodto mean an electronically consumable user asset, such as televisionprogramming, as well as pay-per-view programs, on-demand programs (as invideo-on-demand (VOD) systems), Internet content (e.g., streamingcontent, downloadable content, Webcasts, etc.), video clips, audio,content information, pictures, rotating images, documents, playlists,websites, articles, books, electronic books, blogs, chat sessions,social media, applications, games, and/or any other media or multimediaand/or combination of the same. Guidance applications also allow usersto navigate amid and locate content. As referred to herein, the term“multimedia” should be understood to mean content that utilizes at leasttwo different content forms described above, for example, text, audio,images, video, or interactivity content forms. Content may be recorded,played, displayed or accessed by user equipment devices, but can also bepart of a live performance.

The media guidance application and/or any instructions for performingany of the examples discussed herein may be encoded on computer-readablemedia. Computer-readable media includes any media capable of storingdata. The computer-readable media may be transitory, including, but notlimited to, propagating electrical or electromagnetic signals, or may benon-transitory, including, but not limited to, volatile and non-volatilecomputer memory or storage devices such as a hard disk, floppy disk, USBdrive, DVD, CD, media card, register memory, processor cache, randomaccess memory (RAM), etc.

With the ever-improving capabilities of the Internet, mobile computing,and high-speed wireless networks, users are accessing media on userequipment devices on which they traditionally did not. As referred toherein, the phrases “user equipment device,” “user equipment,” “userdevice,” “electronic device,” “electronic equipment,” “media equipmentdevice,” or “media device” should be understood to mean any device foraccessing the content described above, such as a television, a Smart TV,a set-top box, an integrated receiver decoder (IRD) for handlingsatellite television, a digital storage device, a digital media receiver(DMR), a digital media adapter (DMA), a streaming media device, a DVDplayer, a DVD recorder, a connected DVD, a local media server, a BLU-RAYplayer, a BLU-RAY recorder, a personal computer (PC), a laptop computer,a tablet computer, a WebTV box, a personal computer television (PC/TV),a PC media server, a PC media center, a hand-held computer, a stationarytelephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, aportable video player, a portable music player, a portable gamingmachine, a smartphone, or any other television equipment, computingequipment, or wireless device, and/or combination of the same. In someexamples, the user equipment device may have a front-facing screen and arear-facing screen, multiple front screens, or multiple angled screens.In some examples, the user equipment device may have a front-facingcamera and/or a rear-facing camera. On these user equipment devices,users may be able to navigate among and locate the same contentavailable through a television. Consequently, media guidance may beavailable on these devices, as well. The guidance provided may be forcontent available only through a television, for content available onlythrough one or more of other types of user equipment devices, or forcontent available through both a television and one or more of the othertypes of user equipment devices. The media guidance applications may beprovided as online applications (i.e., provided on a website), or asstand-alone applications or clients on user equipment devices. Variousdevices and platforms that may implement media guidance applications aredescribed in more detail below.

One of the functions of the media guidance application is to providemedia guidance data to users. As referred to herein, the phrase “mediaguidance data” or “guidance data” should be understood to mean any datarelated to content or data used in operating the guidance application.For example, the guidance data may include program information, guidanceapplication settings, user preferences, user profile information, medialistings, media-related information (e.g., broadcast times, broadcastchannels, titles, descriptions, ratings information (e.g., parentalcontrol ratings, critics' ratings, etc.), genre or category information,actor information, logo data for broadcasters' or providers' logos,etc.), media format (e.g., standard definition, high definition, 3D,etc.), on-demand information, blogs, websites, and any other type ofguidance data that is helpful for a user to navigate among and locatedesired content selections.

FIG. 2 is an illustrative block diagram showing additional details of anexample of system 200 for providing search results based on theproximity and/or relationship between one or more users, in accordancewith some examples of the disclosure. Although FIG. 2 shows system 200as including a number and configuration of individual components, insome examples, any number of the components of system 200 may becombined and/or integrated as one device, e.g., user device 100. System200 includes computing device 202, server 204, and content database 206,each of which is communicatively coupled to communication network 208,which may be the Internet or any other suitable network or group ofnetworks. In some examples, system 200 excludes server 204, andfunctionality that would otherwise be implemented by server 204 isinstead implemented by other components of system 200, such as computingdevice 202. In still other examples, server 204 works in conjunctionwith computing device 202 to implement certain functionality describedherein in a distributed or cooperative manner.

Server 204 includes control circuitry 210 and input/output (hereinafter“I/O”) path 212, and control circuitry 210 includes storage 214 andprocessing circuitry 216. Computing device 202, which may be a personalcomputer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a smartphone, a smarttelevision, a smart speaker, or any other type of computing device,includes control circuitry 218, I/O path 220, speaker 222, display 224,e.g., touchscreen 102, and user input interface 226, which in someexamples includes at least one of voice-user interface configured toreceive natural language queries uttered by users in proximity tocomputing device 202; and a touch/gesture interface configured toreceive a touch/gesture input, e.g., a swipe. Control circuitry 218includes storage 228 and processing circuitry 230. Control circuitry 210and/or 218 may be based on any suitable processing circuitry such asprocessing circuitry 216 and/or 230. As referred to herein, processingcircuitry should be understood to mean circuitry based on one or moremicroprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors,programmable logic devices, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs),application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc., and may includea multi-core processor (e.g., dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core, or anysuitable number of cores). In some examples, processing circuitry may bedistributed across multiple separate processors, for example, multipleof the same type of processors (e.g., two Intel Core i9 processors) ormultiple different processors (e.g., an Intel Core i7 processor and anIntel Core i9 processor).

Each of storage 214, storage 228, and/or storages of other components ofsystem 200 (e.g., storages of content database 206, and/or the like) maybe an electronic storage device. As referred to herein, the phrase“electronic storage device” or “storage device” should be understood tomean any device for storing electronic data, computer software, orfirmware, such as random-access memory, read-only memory, hard drives,optical drives, digital video disc (DVD) recorders, compact disc (CD)recorders, BLU-RAY disc (BD) recorders, BLU-RAY 3D disc recorders,digital video recorders (DVRs, sometimes called personal videorecorders, or PVRs), solid state devices, quantum storage devices,gaming consoles, gaming media, or any other suitable fixed or removablestorage devices, and/or any combination of the same. Each of storage214, storage 228, and/or storages of other components of system 200 maybe used to store various types of content, metadata, and or other typesof data. Non-volatile memory may also be used (e.g., to launch a boot-uproutine and other instructions). Cloud-based storage may be used tosupplement storages 214, 228 or instead of storages 214, 228. In someexamples, control circuitry 210 and/or 218 executes instructions for anapplication stored in memory (e.g., storage 214 and/or 228).Specifically, control circuitry 214 and/or 228 may be instructed by theapplication to perform the functions discussed herein. In someimplementations, any action performed by control circuitry 214 and/or228 may be based on instructions received from the application. Forexample, the application may be implemented as software or a set ofexecutable instructions that may be stored in storage 214 and/or 228 andexecuted by control circuitry 214 and/or 228. In some examples, theapplication may be a client/server application where only a clientapplication resides on computing device 202, and a server applicationresides on server 204.

The application may be implemented using any suitable architecture. Forexample, it may be a stand-alone application wholly implemented oncomputing device 202. In such an approach, instructions for theapplication are stored locally (e.g., in storage 228), and data for useby the application is downloaded on a periodic basis (e.g., from anout-of-band feed, from an Internet resource, or using another suitableapproach). Control circuitry 218 may retrieve instructions for theapplication from storage 228 and process the instructions to perform thefunctionality described herein. Based on the processed instructions,control circuitry 218 may determine what action to perform when input isreceived from user input interface 226.

In client/server-based examples, control circuitry 218 may includecommunication circuitry suitable for communicating with an applicationserver (e.g., server 204) or other networks or servers. The instructionsfor carrying out the functionality described herein may be stored on theapplication server. Communication circuitry may include a cable modem,an Ethernet card, or a wireless modem for communication with otherequipment, or any other suitable communication circuitry. Suchcommunication may involve the Internet or any other suitablecommunication networks or paths (e.g., communication network 208). Inanother example of a client/server-based application, control circuitry218 runs a web browser that interprets web pages provided by a remoteserver (e.g., server 204). For example, the remote server may store theinstructions for the application in a storage device. The remote servermay process the stored instructions using circuitry (e.g., controlcircuitry 210) and/or generate displays. Computing device 202 mayreceive the displays generated by the remote server and may display thecontent of the displays locally via display 224. This way, theprocessing of the instructions is performed remotely (e.g., by server204) while the resulting displays, such as the display windows describedelsewhere herein, are provided locally on computing device 202.Computing device 202 may receive inputs from the user via inputinterface 226 and transmit those inputs to the remote server forprocessing and generating the corresponding displays.

A user may send instructions to control circuitry 210 and/or 218 usinguser input interface 226. User input interface 226 may be any suitableuser interface, such as a remote control, trackball, keypad, keyboard,touchscreen, touchpad, stylus input, joystick, voice recognitioninterface, gaming controller, or other user input interfaces. User inputinterface 226 may be integrated with or combined with display 224, whichmay be a monitor, a television, a liquid crystal display (LCD), anelectronic ink display, or any other equipment suitable for displayingvisual images.

Server 204 and computing device 202 may transmit and receive content anddata via I/O path 212 and 220, respectively. For instance, I/O path 212and/or I/O path 220 may include a communication port(s) configured totransmit and/or receive (for instance to and/or from content database206), via communication network 208, content item identifiers, contentmetadata, natural language queries, and/or other data. Control circuitry210, 218 may be used to send and receive commands, requests, and othersuitable data using I/O paths 212, 220.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart representing an illustrative process 300 forproviding search results to a user's query based on the quality of acontent item available from multiple sources and a recommendationfactor, in accordance with some examples of the disclosure. While theexample shown in FIG. 3 refers to the use of system 100, as shown inFIG. 1, it will be appreciated that the illustrative process shown inFIG. 3, and any of the other following illustrative processes, may beimplemented on system 100 and system 200, either alone or incombination, or on any other appropriately configured systemarchitecture.

At step 302, user device 104 receives, e.g., at a content guidanceapplication, a search query input 116 from a user 118. In some examples,the user 118 may enter the search query input 116 directly into thedevice 104, e.g., using a user input interface of the device 104.Additionally or alternatively, the user 118 may enter the search queryinput 116 into personal device 110, such as a smartphone, of the user118, from which the search query input 116 is sent to device 104 forprocessing. For example, the user 118 may enter the search queryMission: Impossible—Fallout into a content discovery application. Theintent of the user is to find one or more sources, e.g., serviceproviders and/or content databases, allowing access to the content itemMission: Impossible—Fallout.

At step 304, control circuitry, e.g., of user device 104, determines ifthe content item is available from more than one source. For example, acontent discovery application installed on user device 104 may beconfigured to retrieve data from a content listing of respective serviceproviders to determine if the content item requested by the user 118 isavailable from multiple service providers, such as Netflix®, AmazonPrime®, Disney+® and iTunes®. Using FIG. 1 as an example, controlcircuitry may determine that a first version of the content itemrequested by the user 118 is available from the first content database114 a, which may be a Netflix content database, and that a secondversion of the content item requested by the user 118 is available fromthe second content database 114 b, which may be an Amazon Prime contentdatabase.

At step 306, in response to determining that the content item isavailable from more than one source, control circuitry, e.g., of userdevice 104, determines the quality of each of the available contentitems from its respective source. For example, notwithstanding licensingrestrictions, the content discovery application may determine thatMission: Impossible—Fallout is available from each of Netflix, AmazonPrime and Disney+, but not iTunes. A conventional content discoveryapplication may return the same, or similar, results, but display theresults to the user in no particular order. It is desirable, therefore,for the content discovery application to order the results in a mannerthat may aid the user in selecting the most suitable content item toselect for playback.

In some examples, the content discovery application may retrievemetadata associated with each of the content items available from therespective service providers indicating the quality of each of thecontent items. For example, the content discovery application maydetermine that Mission: Impossible—Fallout is available from Netflix in4K quality, from Amazon Prime in HD quality and from Disney+ in SDquality. The content discovery application may, in the first instance,rank the available content items according to their quality. Forexample, the content discovery application may list the availablecontent items in descending quality, e.g., 4K, HD, SD, etc.

At step 308, control circuitry, e.g., of user device 104, determines arecommendation factor, the recommendation factor being based on at leastone of the bandwidth available to a user device; the resolutioncapability of the user device; and the QoE of each of the sources fromwhich the content item is available.

In some examples, control circuitry, e.g., of user device 104,determines the bandwidth available to user device 104. For example,control circuitry may monitor the connection between user device 104 andnetwork 108, e.g., to determine the quality of the connection based onthe speed of connection and/or the reliability of connection. In someexamples, the quality of the connection may vary over time and/orlocation. However, control circuitry may determine the bandwidthavailable to the user device, e.g., at the time, in the lead-up to thetime, and/or at the location at which the search query input 116 wasreceived. For example, control circuitry may determine that thebandwidth available to the user device 104 is a certain value, e.g.,15.8 Mbit/s, at the time at which the search query input 116 wasreceived, or averaged a certain value, e.g., 12.6 Mbit/s, over apredetermined period, e.g., one hour, in the lead0-up to the time thatsearch input query was received.

In some examples, process 300 comprises a step of determining if thequality of the user device 104 connection to network 108 is sufficientto stream each of the available content items from the respectivesources. For example, control circuitry of the user device 104 maycompare the bit rate required to stream a content item of a certainquality to the determined quality of the connection between the userdevice 104 and the service provider. For example, control circuitry mayaccess a lookup table to retrieve the bit rate required to adequatelystream 4K content (or any other content quality), e.g., at fullresolution.

In some examples, control circuitry, e.g., of user device 104,determines the resolution capability of the user device 104. Forexample, control circuitry may determine the resolution capability of adisplay screen of the user device 104, e.g., the maximum resolutioncapability of the display screen. Additionally or alternatively, controlcircuitry may determine one or more operational capabilities of acontrol module of the display screen. For example, control circuitry maydetermine the capabilities of a graphics processing unit, a processorclock speed, the amount of graphics memory available, and/or any otherappropriate operational parameter of the user device 104 that may affectthe ability of the user device 104 to display an image. For example,control circuitry may determine that the user device 104 is capable ofdisplaying a maximum resolution of 1080p.

In some examples, control circuitry, e.g., of user device 104,determines the QoE of each of the sources from which the content item isavailable. For example, control circuitry may be configured to accessdata, e.g., stored on server 112, relating to one or more serviceproviders. For example, control circuitry may be configured to accessuser feedback data for each of the service providers. User feedback datamay be based on one or more appropriate rating categories. For example,it is common for users to submit their feedback to service providersrelating to various categories, such as content quality, user interfaceexperience, error rates, bit rate, throughput, transmission delay,availability, jitter, trick play experience, etc. For example, a serviceprovider may receive a rating of 3.5 stars out of 5 stars for thequality of content, a rating of 2.5 stars out of 5 stars for the userinterface experience, and a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5 stars for thetrick play experience. In such a case, the service provider may receivea total overall rating of 3.5 stars out of 5, e.g., 70%. Additionally oralternatively, a rating may be determined from one or more otherindependent sources. As such, control circuitry of the user device maybe able to determine a QoE for each service provider based on, e.g.,based only on, data relating to user feedback for respective serviceproviders.

Additionally or alternatively, control circuitry may be configured toaccess data recorded on user device 104 relating to historic playback ofcontent items from at least one of the sources. For example, controlcircuitry, e.g., of user device 104, may be configured to log one ormore playback parameters when receiving content from a service provider,e.g., first service provider 114 a and/or second service provider 114 b.FIG. 4A shows exemplary data relating to historic playback at a userdevice of content items from a service provider, which may includeparameters such as pre-flight failure, video start failures, midstreamfailures, complete transactions, video session fail rate, video stallingpercentage, total number of sessions, failed video sessions, averagesession duration, average sessions per day, number of failed sessions,total hours of playback. Such parameters may be recorded directly atuser device 104, and, as such, control circuitry of the user device maybe able to determine a QoE for each service provider based on, e.g.,based only on, data recorded at the user device relating to historicplayback of content items from respective service providers. Forexample, control circuitry may be configured to determine a percentagesuccess value 402 for the playback of content items from respectiveservice providers, e.g., based on at least one of the above parameters.In some examples, the QoE may be based at least partially on percentagesuccess value 402. Additionally or alternatively, control circuitry maybe configured to receive data relating to historic playback of contentitems from at least one other user device. In this manner, controlcircuitry may be able to determine a QoE of each of the sources basedon, e.g., based only on, data recorded at one or more other user devicesrelating to historic playback of content items from respective serviceproviders.

Additionally or alternatively, control circuitry, e.g., of user device104, may be configured to receive data from server 112 relating tohistoric content item transmission from the respective sources. Forexample, each of the service providers may log parameters relating tothe transmission of content. FIG. 4B shows exemplary data relating tohistoric transmission of content items by multiple service providers.Such parameters may include pre-flight failure, video start failures,midstream failures, complete transactions, video session fail rate,video stalling percentage, total number of sessions, failed videosessions, average session duration, average sessions per day, number offailed sessions, total hours of playback, total number of devices,average devices per day, number of devices with failed sessions andtotal hours of playback, and percentage complete transactions. Suchparameters may be recorded over an appropriate period, e.g., one day orseveral days. Such parameters may be transmitted to user device 104,and, as such, control circuitry of the user device may be able todetermine a QoE for each service provider based on, e.g., only on, datarecorded by the service provider relating to historic transmission ofcontent items from said service provider to user device 104. Forexample, control circuitry may be configured to determine a percentagefail value 404 for the transmission of content from respective serviceproviders, e.g., based on at least one of the above parameters. In someexamples, the QoE for a service provider may be based at least partiallyon percentage fail value 404.

In view of the above, it is understood that the recommendation factormay be based on at least one of the quality of the network connection tothe user device, the resolution capability of a screen of the userdevice and a QoE score based on user ratings, parameters relating tohistoric content item playback and/or parameters relating to historiccontent item transmission. In some examples, process 300 may apply aweighting k to at least one of the above optional variables on which therecommendation factor is based. For example, a weighting may be appliedbased on one or more user preferences, e.g., for highest user-ratedservice providers. In some examples, the weighting applied to a variableon which the recommendation factor is based may be zero, in which casemeans that it does not directly form part of the determination of therecommendation factor. As such, the recommendation factor (RF) may bedetermined using the formula:

RF=f(k1·bandwidth,k2·resolution,k3·QoE)

At step 310, control circuitry generates a list of search results forthe available content items, wherein the list is ordered based on thequality of each of the available content items from respective sourcesand the recommendation factor. FIG. 1 shows a list of search results 120for the content item Mission: Impossible—Fallout ranked based on thequality of each of the available content items from respective sourcesand the recommendation factor. For example, the list 120 is generateddisplaying an HD content item at position 1 of the list, an SD contentitem at position 2 of the list and a 4K content item at position 3 ofthe list. Such an order may be the result of at least one of i) thebandwidth available to user device 104 not being sufficient to streamthe 4K content item; ii) the screen of user device 104 not being capableof displaying the 4K content item; and iii) the source of the 4K contentitem having a lower QoE score than each of the sources for the HDcontent item and the SD content item.

Process 300 may comprise a step of automatically generating for playbackthe content item presented in position #1 of the list. In some examples,list 120 may not be displayed to user 118. In such cases, list 120 mayexist in a database accessible by control circuitry of user device 104,so that the highest-ranked content item may be displayed automatically,e.g., without any further input from the user.

In some examples, process 300 may comprise determining a change in therecommendation factor as a function of time. For example, controlcircuitry, e.g., of user device 104, may determine a change in thebandwidth available to user device 104, e.g., as a content item is beingstreamed to user device 104. For example, where user device 104 isconnected to a home network, control circuitry may determine at leastone of a drop in the speed of the network connection being received bythe home hub and/or an increase in the number of devices connected tothe home hub. As a result, the recommendation factor may change for agiven content item. For example, where a 4K content item had previouslybeen ranked in position 1 owing to a large amount of availablebandwidth, said 4K content may be re-ranked to a lower position, e.g.,position 3, as a result of the network connection no longer being ableto support the streaming of 4K content. Such dynamic re-ranking mayresult in the automatic switching of the display of content from the 4Kcontent item to a content item having lower quality, e.g., by virtue ofthe re-ordering of the list.

The actions or descriptions of FIG. 3 may be used with any other exampleof this disclosure. In addition, the actions and descriptions describedin relation to FIG. 3 may be done in any suitable alternative orders orin parallel to further the purposes of this disclosure.

The processes described above are intended to be illustrative and notlimiting. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the steps of theprocesses discussed herein may be omitted, modified, combined, and/orrearranged, and any additional steps may be performed without departingfrom the scope of the invention. More generally, the above disclosure ismeant to be exemplary and not limiting. Only the claims that follow aremeant to set bounds as to what the present invention includes.Furthermore, it should be noted that the features and limitationsdescribed in any one example may be applied to any other example herein,and flowcharts or examples relating to one example may be combined withany other example in a suitable manner, done in different orders, ordone in parallel. In addition, the systems and methods described hereinmay be performed in real time. It should also be noted that the systemsand/or methods described above may be applied to, or used in accordancewith, other systems and/or methods.

1. A content item recommendation method comprising: receiving a searchquery for a content item; determining if the content item is availablefrom more than one source; in response to determining that the contentitem is available from more than one source, determining the quality ofeach of the available content items from respective sources; determininga recommendation factor, the recommendation factor being based on atleast one of: the bandwidth available to a user device; the resolutioncapability of the user device; and the quality of experience of each ofthe sources from which the content item is available; and generating alist of search results for the available content items, wherein the listis ordered based on the quality of each of the available content itemsfrom respective sources and the recommendation factor.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the highest-quality content item available at thebandwidth available to a user device is ranked at the top of the list.3. The method of claim 1, wherein the highest-quality content itemavailable at the resolution capability of the user device is ranked atthe top of the list.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein thehighest-quality content item available from the source having thehighest-ranked quality of experience is ranked at the top of the list.5. The method of claim 1, wherein the quality of experience of each ofthe sources is based on a user rating of the source.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the quality of experience of each of the sources isbased on data relating to historic content item transmission from therespective sources.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the quality ofexperience of each of the sources is based on data relating to historicplayback of content items from the respective sources at the userdevice.
 8. The method of claim 1, the method comprising applying aweighting towards one of the bandwidth available to a user device, theresolution capability of the user device and the quality of experienceof each of the sources from which the content item is available.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, the method comprising monitoring the bandwidthavailable to the user device, and, in response to determining a changein the bandwidth available to the user device, re-ordering the list. 10.The method of claim 1, the method comprising automatically generatingfor playback the highest ordered content item in the list.
 11. A systemfor recommendation of a content item, the system comprising: controlcircuitry configured to: receive a search query for a content item;determine if the content item is available from more than one source; inresponse to determining that the content item is available from morethan one source, determine the quality of each of the available contentitems from respective sources; determine a recommendation factor, therecommendation factor being based on at least one of: the bandwidthavailable to a user device; the resolution capability of the userdevice; and the quality of experience of each of the sources from whichthe content item is available; and generate a list of search results forthe available content items, wherein the list is ordered based on thequality of each of the available content items from respective sourcesand the recommendation factor.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein thehighest-quality content item available at the bandwidth available to auser device is ranked at the top of the list.
 13. The system of claim11, wherein the highest-quality content item available at the resolutioncapability of the user device is ranked at the top of the list.
 14. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the highest-quality content item availablefrom the source having the highest-ranked quality of experience isranked at the top of the list.
 15. The system of claim 11, wherein thequality of experience of each of the sources is based on a user ratingof the source.
 16. The system of claim 11, wherein the quality ofexperience of each of the sources is based on data relating to historiccontent item transmission from the respective sources.
 17. The system ofclaim 11, wherein the quality of experience of each of the sources isbased on data relating to historic playback of content items from therespective sources at the user device.
 18. The system of claim 11,wherein the recommendation factor is weighted towards one of thebandwidth available to a user device, the resolution capability of theuser device and the quality of experience of each of the sources fromwhich the content item is available.
 19. The system of claim 11, whereinthe control circuitry is configured to monitor the bandwidth availableto the user device, and, in response to determining a change in thebandwidth available to the user device, re-order the list.
 20. Thesystem of claim 11, wherein the control circuitry is configured toautomatically generating for playback the highest-ordered content itemin the list. 21.-40. (canceled)